Databases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Databases - Essay Example Social Databases A social database model alludes to a database, which has been set up so that the information in the tables is effortlessly gotten to and recovered by the client when the need emerges. This is the information model, which is for the most part favored with regards to setting up and putting away information instead of different models, for example, social database models and the arranged model. In the ongoing past. This model has been broadly actualized in thing, for example, stockpiling of money related records among others. The fundamental motivation behind why databases that take up this model are more on request is because of their general simplicity of comprehension. This is notwithstanding the way that they are not a lot of proficient. The wastefulness, which is related with this database model, is nonetheless, concealed by the way that PCs that are being used in the current day are all the more remarkable when contrasted with in those days when the force in regis tering had not been figured it out. Standardization There is another viewpoint, which comes up when managing databases. This is to do with the standardization of information in the database. Standardization alludes to that procedure through which the fields and the tables that are existent in a social database are sorted out in a systematic way to limit the redundancies and wasteful aspects that may emerge. What occurs for this situation is that an enormous table might be deteriorated into a few littler and less repetitive tables. Simultaneously, the connections that are available in these tables are additionally characterized. The primary motivation behind why the database can be separated into a few tables with connections between them is for simple refreshing. For this situation, the information is separated with the goal that an adjustment in one region, for this situation the change being a cancellation, alteration or refreshing of information is done on just one table instead of the considerable number of tables in the database. The change, which is arranged on one table, is performed on all the tables that are in the relationship. The part of effectiveness and diminished repetition comes up for this situation. The client is in a situation to deal with the information in the database is an increasingly sorted out and simpler way. With regards to standardization, there is the primary typical structure, the subsequent ordinary structure and the third typical structure. The third typical structure tables are generally the ones, which are significantly liberated from any oddities, which may come up when taking care of information. The principle motivation behind why standardization is required to make the database liberated from unfortunate conditions, for example, cancellation and refreshing. It is likewise required to make the social database model progressively educational to the normal client. Coherent Database Design This alludes to the improvement of t he database while characterizing the conditions and connections that may come up in the database. The information and data, which is picked up all the while, is then orchestrated in a legitimate way and moved into those objects of capacity, which are upheld by the database. These capacity objects on account of a social database alludes to the tables into which there are lines and sections/Physical Database Design The physical plan of the database is progressively worried about the organizing of the information onto the extra room along with its setup. There is a great deal of point by point data, which is created simultaneously. A model for this situation is the meaning of information components and the ordering choice among different others. Progressively point by point determinations of the framework are created for this situation.

A Report That Examines The Role Of Expert And Lay Knowledge In Understanding And Managing Risk

This report will look at how hazards we face in our day by day lives depend on various types of information to make a comprehension of them and their results. This report will analyze how individuals utilize master and lay information about dangers so as to live with them. A short depiction of hazard is given. The conversation centers around how we live with chance and decipher master and lay information in regards to hazard and hazard shirking. It is additionally recommended that individuals settle on their own decision with respect to what and how they use data and how much of hazard they think about adequate in their lives. This is affected by the information they have and how they decipher that. Plainly a specialist will be in a more grounded position to precisely evaluate hazard contrasted with a layman. 1. Master Knowledge †somebody that has information, expertise and is qualified in a specific subject. 2. Lay Knowledge †somebody who doesn't have specific information or preparing in a subject. This report will inspect three instances of hazard and will detail master data as well as it will audit lay assessment also. 1. Initially the cycling and the advantages of wearing head protector will be surveyed. 2. At that point a contextual analysis that nitty gritty an allocation and the unsafe substances found in the dirt. 3. The last hazard to be watched will be sun introduction, sun tanning and dangers and how industrialism can play separated in shaping our decisions. 1. Our Risky Lives 1. Hazard †a state where there is a chance of known peril or damage, which whenever dodged may prompt advantages (Carter and Jordan, 2009). Nearly all that we do in life accompanies some level of hazard. It is the manner by which we decipher the hazard that decides how we live. Some hazard is taken without deduction, some hazard is unavoidable, and in different cases we can diminish the hazard or dodge the hazard all together. 1. Cycling and the advantages of wearing a head protector Cycling will present dangers and hazard the executives in our material lives. Cyclists deal with their hazard with lights, incidental hand signs and protective caps. Cyclists need to arrange the utilization of the protective cap, regardless of whether to wear one yet not doing so implies any injury supported might be the cyclist’s own flaw. One investigation indicated 85 percent decrease in the danger of head injury among cyclists who wore protective caps (Thompson et al., refered to in Carter and Jordan, 2009). Other exploration found that, when vehicle overwhelms a cyclist, the vehicle comes fundamentally more like a cyclist who wears a protective cap (Walker, refered to in Carter and Jordan, 2009). Considering the two examinations implies that on the off chance that you wear a cap, at that point you are bound to have a mishap yet on the off chance that you have a mishap, at that point you are less inclined to have head wounds. 1. Risky substances found in the dirt Soil on an apportioning will show how information on an imperceptible hazard is delivered by specialists however can be challenged and how the assignment clients utilized information to deal with the dangers. The advantages of a social movement, for example, cultivating were out of nowhere brought into question by distribution of a logical test on the dirt. The material condition changed from being acceptable into something that was risky. The dirt was sheltered at that point became harmful and afterward become safe once more, all without the dirt itself being changed. The presence of two soil tests affirms that even inside science there are banters over how best to survey hazard. For the situation study, a similar soil moved from being protected to risky and back again exclusively because of various estimation rehearses (Carter and Jordan, 2009). This shows how the master information might possibly impact the choices individuals make about overseeing hazard. Planter didn't tune in to master information about safe soil, since two differentiating aftereffects of the tests didn't feel very reliable. 1. Sun Exposure and master information on sun chance The last hazard to be evaluated will be sun introduction and sun tanning and dangers. Progressively in the course of the last number of years perils of sun presentation and tanning have gone to the front. Despite the fact that counsel and proof which has been created individuals despite everything keep on presenting themselves to the hurtful UVA beams. In this area we can take a gander at a subsequent contextual analysis of hazard and hazard the executives concerning holidaymakers and their mentalities to a tan. To comprehend the clearly unsafe practices associated with sun presentation we need to pay attention to the manners by which individuals understand master guidance, and measure it against their own insight and encounters of the material world in which they live (Carter andâ Jordan, 2009). The exploration led by Simon Carter utilized a blend of meetings and center gatherings with vacationer matured 20 and 35 years old who normally voyaged abroad for occasions. The primary thing that this hunt discovered was that individuals could review wellbeing training counsel by looking for conceal, utilizing a sunscreen or covering the body. Individuals realized the thing the master exhortation said about the risks of sun. Be that as it may, individuals didn't completely follow this counsel since they had their own specific manners of comprehension and understanding the sound and dangerous components of their material lives. The information delivered by specialists was not quite the same as that created by holidaymakers. This qualification among master and lay information implied that master information was deciphered as opposed to followed to the letter by people in general (Carter and Jordan, 2009). The master information doesn't direct decide general sentiment. 1. Lay information on emblematic hazard The impacts that the sun has on the body are both a wellspring of material hazard, from tumors, and of emblematic hazard, for example, being peely-wally (Carter and Jordan, 2009). Suntan turned into a material sign or image that is for the visual utilization of different sightseers. 1. Beck’s theory . The instances of sun introduction and of harmed soil exhibit how we may have gone into a specific sort of relationship to chance in the public arena today. German humanist Ulrich Beck analyzed the move from the Industrial Society wherein political thoughts where worries with the dispersion of riches to a Risk Society that centers around the circulation of damage (refered to in Carter and Jordan, 2009 p. 80). Beck likewise contends that we have gotten reliant on outer data typically master information to evaluate the dangers we face, rather than utilizing individual experience or sound judgment. For instance, the assignment holders couldn't decide the dangers contained in their dirt, they were told about expected risk by logical specialists. Likewise, the conceivable hazard from sun presentation must be clarified to individuals by master proof. One of Beck’s fundamental concerns is the job of master information in characterizing the dangers, regardless of whether that hazard is atomic radiation, arsenic in the dirt or the sun. 1. End In current society considerably more exertion is being placed into estimating hazard. Specialists expect to look at likely dangers and produce proof that will permit us to settle on educated choices. Surveying hazard regularly depends on science and ability. These are rehearses which include decisions and suppositions that can make banter. A hazard society is one in which estimations of hazard become progressively noticeable. Numerous cutting edge dangers are undetectable and need specialists to make them noticeable to people in general.

Video game industry analysis Essay Example for Free

Computer game industry examination Essay History The historical backdrop of computer games goes as far back as the 1940s, when in 1947 Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr. what's more, Este Ray Mann documented a United States patent solicitation for a creation they portrayed as a cathode beam tube delight gadget. Video gaming would not arrive at standard prevalence until the 1970s and 1980s, when arcade computer games, gaming consoles and home PC games were acquainted with the overall population. From that point forward, video gaming has become a well known type of diversion and a piece of present day culture in many pieces of the world. There are as of now viewed as eight ages of computer game consoles, with the seventh and the eighth simultaneously continuous. Early Founders During the brilliant period of computer games during the 1970s, it was a race to the begin to see which organization and which software engineer could make a computer game and stage that could best the rest. In any case, most huge computer game makers can follow their underlying foundations far before that decade, venturing once more into the mid 1900s or even the late 1800s. While some computer game organizations, for example, Nintendo and Sony, would start their monetary interests in different fields, organizations like Atari and Sega were made with an eye toward delivering a definitive gaming framework. The primary significant computer game organization to appear was Nintendo, which would in the long run make computer games famous again during the 1980s. Nintendo is a Japanese organization that was made in 1889 and was initially named the Marufuku Company. In 1951, this organization, which fabricated Western-style playing a game of cards in Japan, would take the name Nintendo, which means â€Å"leave karma to paradise. In 1891, the Philips Company, proprietor of Magnavox and a significant leader in the computer game creation race, was built up in the Netherlands. In 1947, another significant computer game symbol was established under the name Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Company. After the authors understood this name was too awkward to even think about saying and recall effectively, they altered the Latin word sonus (which means sound) to shape the organization name Sony. Sega was established in 1952, under the name Service Games, as an organization that gave coin-worked games and jukeboxes to American servicemen in Japan. It would not be until 1972, well into the start of computer games, that Atari was framed as an agreeable organization between driving computer game software engineers Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. First Video Games and Platforms The thought for an intuitive computer game was first considered by Ralph Baer, a designer with an airborne gadgets organization, in 1951. Charged to structure a TV for the organization, Baer accepted the TV could be progressively attractive to purchasers on the off chance that it contained a kind of intuitive game (Kent 2001). His thought was shot somewhere near the organization, however different designers and software engineers would not let it settle for long. The main authority computer games, a table-tennis sort game and a PC space game, were created in 1958 and 1961, separately. These early computer games end up being the important impetus for game software engineers and were the early forerunners of the famous arcade games Pong and Space Invaders. Pong, made by the Atari Company in 1972, transformed into a staggering accomplishment in arcades and prompted the production of the principal home video gaming framework, the Magnavox Odyssey. After the moderate achievement of the Odyssey, a few computer game organizations would follow with their own home gaming frameworks in 1976 and 1977, including the Atari Video Computer System (VCS). Computer games Take Off By 1978, home computer game consoles were starting to sell well, and more contenders had entered the market. Nintendo of Japan discharged its first computer game that year, an oversimplified form of the tabletop game Othello that was promoted in arcades. The well known toy producers Mattel and Milton Bradley additionally entered the computer game scene in the accompanying two years with a hand-held computer game unit from Milton Bradley and the Intellivision by Mattel, the primary computer game comfort to offer genuine rivalry to Atari. During this brilliant time of computer games in the late 1970s, the two driving contenders, Magnavox and Atari, both attempted to add rivalry to the home PC advertise. Magnavox discharged the Odyssey 2, a programmable computer game comfort that incorporated an implicit console, while Atari started selling its very own PC intended to match Apple. In any case, most buyers associated Atari just with computer games, and the PC framework was broadly dismissed. During this timeframe, Atari additionally discharged its first home form of the mainstream arcade game Space Invaders, prompting a monstrous increment in deals for the VCS game reassure. As video gaming entered the 1980s, two fantastically mainstream games that would change the business were made. Pac-Man, made by Namco in 1980, turned into the top of the line arcade round ever and the primary computer game that was well known with the two guys and females. The later form, Ms. Pac-Man, would likewise end up being monstrously well known at arcades. The following year, in 1981, Nintendo of America made Donkey Kong for arcades. While the legend of Donkey Kong was initially named Jump man, this name was later changed to Mario and he would turn into a symbol in years to come as a key computer game saint. Shockingly, as computer games took off in the mid 1980s, the market immediately got overflowed with different consoles and games, and the business encountered a market crash in 1984. Industry Growth Along with expanding Internet and broadband entrance all through the world, on the web and portable gaming speaks to the best push in the computer game development. The ramifications of this expansion in availability to innovation is many creating nations - explicitly the BRIC economies (Brazil, Russia, India and China) †are currently turning out to be significant players in the business. As on the web and portable gaming turns out to be increasingly reasonable, video gaming turns out to be progressively available to creating nations. In spite of the fact that reassure gaming as of now speaks to the biggest market in the business, its development is anticipated to back off in the up and coming years, from a 10. 9% development somewhere in the range of 2003 and 2008, to a 5. 5% somewhere in the range of 2008 and 2013. In 2008, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA) spoke to the biggest video gaming piece of the pie (35. 3%). In 2013 it is anticipated the Asia-Pacific district will be the pioneer in both development and piece of the overall industry. The projection is piece of the pie in EMEA and North America will decay, while it is required to increment in Latin America. The computer game industry in the BRIC economies has created in equal design to these countries’ general financial extension. It is anticipated the BRIC nations will have expanded piece of the pie in future years. Market size The Video Games are a social wonder that is becoming perpetually unmistakable among youthful and old the same. They have become a necessary piece of the broad communications culture and have been in presence for close to as long as the TV. While the computer games of today are becoming always point by point and similar, early computer games like Pong, Space Invaders, and Pac-Man were similarly amazing and exceptionally engaging at their time. From their most punctual years to the perplexing computer game scene of the twenty-first century, computer games have formed into charming, substitute universes that have caught the hearts of a large number of players. Starting today, it is evaluated that computer game consoles speak to over 25% of the universes universally useful computational force. Additionally they were prohibited in China since June 2000 and now China is seeing dangerous development. Market size from 2003 to 2013 in $billions REVENUE FOR 2012. Size of worldwide conventional computer game market income, barring portable games on advanced mobile phones and tablets: $70 billion, up from $65 billion out of 2011 Size of worldwide computer game market income, remembering versatile games for PDAs and tablets: $78. 5 billion for 2012 Retail programming income: $28 billion, down from $29. 5 billion of every 2011 Online income, including advanced conveyance, memberships, Facebook games: $24 billion, up from $18 billion out of 2011 (Source: DFC Intelligence) CONSOLE MAKERS Microsoft Corp * Xbox 360 propelled in the United States: November 2005 * Xbox comforts sold: 67 million. * Kinect movement sensors sold: 19 million Major activity: Microsoft is relied upon to flaunt new amusement highlights of its Xbox 360 and another variant of Halo. Sony Corp * PlayStation3 propelled in the United States and Japan: November 2006 * As of March 31, PlayStation3 units sold: Over 63 million units * As of June 6, 2011, Sony Move movement sensors dispatched: 8. 8 million units Major activity: Sony is relied upon to push new games to support deals of the Vita and PlayStation 3. Nintendo Co Ltd * Launched Wii in the United States: November 2006 * Wii units sent: More than 95 million * DS units delivered: More than 151 million. * 3DS units: More than 17 million Major activity: Nintendo will at last reveal the first home comfort in quite a while at E3. Gadget is relied upon to highlight HD designs, a unique tablet controller and movement sensors. Programming PUBLISHERS Activision Blizzard Annual income: $4. 8 billion Top establishments: Call of Duty and World of Warcraft Electronic Arts Inc Annual income: $4. 1 billion Top establishments: The Sims and Madden NFL Take-Two Interactive Software Annual income: $826 million Top establishments: Grand Theft Auto and Red Dead Redemption Ubisoft Annual income: 1. 06 billion euros Substitute Products. Substitute items for games possibly melodies from music industry, films from film industry, and TV programs from broadcast business which individuals additionally looked for the sake of entertainment and amusement. There have not been such a large number of issues with the substitute items since computer game industry is uprising. As per an essayist for Fortune, music deals have been falling as of late, the film going experience hasn’t change that much and system TV is on th

Developing Hospitality properties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Creating Hospitality properties - Essay Example Thus, the promoting will comprise of post office based mail, flag advertisements, and supplements. Likewise, extraordinary endeavors will be taken to guarantee the presence of exceptional articles about the eatery in papers and other wellbeing magazines. This is so in light of the fact that it has been discovered that such articles can possibly pull in individuals effectively and persuade them. It has been discovered that cafés and different organizations which figure out how to have articles distributed in papers and magazines experience sensational development in business. Along these lines, individual connections will be used to accomplish this point. Allen Pasta Restaurant plans to offer its clients the best and most delectable pasta dinner in the city. Likewise, this will be offered in the best and most satisfying feeling. Besides, uncommon consideration will be taken to guarantee that the clients are given a superior assistance than they foreseen (Marketing procedure, 2000). In this way, it becomes obvious that Allen’s clients are matured from 25-55, who are answerable for 62% of the complete utilization in the city of - . In spite of the fact that age doesn't involve significant concern, Allen’s clients will be youthful working individuals and families with a salary above $ 40,000. Another point is the expanding wellbeing awareness in the city. In this way, a significant extent of the clients will be the wellbeing cognizant eaters of the city who are eager to go through cash for smart dieting alternatives. Allen Pasta Restaurant needs to situate itself as a normal estimated, upscale, pasta café. The clients will be the ones who love quality and scrumptious pastas, wellbeing cognizant, taught people, gatherings, and families, generally inside the age of 25-50. Administration In request to guarantee that the clients are offered the best assistance involvement with the city, the representatives will be given uncommon preparing. Just quality representatives will be sent. It is determined that better item alongside better assistance will enable the organization to beat its opponents. The most significant

Literature review Essay Example for Free

Writing audit Essay Dynamic: Supply chain Management has accepted a noteworthy job in firms execution and has pulled in genuine research consideration in the course of the most recent couple of years. A writing survey uncovers an impressive spray in examine in principle and practice of SCM. Consolidating and illuminating on highlights of Supply Management and dissemination Management. This joining has brought about the idea of broadened endeavor and the flexibly chain is presently show as the cooperative gracefully tie across intercompany outskirts to expand the incentive over the whole flexibly chain. An enormous number of research papers have been distributed in different diaries in most recent two decades. In this paper an endeavor is made to survey the status of writing on Supply Chain Management. A writing arrangement conspire is proposed. An aggregate of 588 articles from 13 refereed scholastic diaries are arranged into articles in five approachs for example Exploratory, Normative, Methodology, Literature Review and Hypothesis testing. This writing survey finds that exploratory sort of research is for the most part favored it is normal that with the development of SCM the speculation testing technique will get. The articles are additionally arranged in fifteen classes based on content examination. In light of this survey, some conceivable research issues are distinguished. Watchwords: SCM, Supply Chain methodology, Literature Review. those with normal execution. 1. Presentation Customarily, Supply Chain Management (SCM) has been a blend of different angles, with impacts from coordinations and transportation, tasks the executives and materials anddistribution the board, advertising, just as buying and data innovation (IT). In a perfect world, the allencompassing theory of SCM grasps every one of these capacities to deliver a general gracefully chain methodology that eventually upgrades firm execution (Croom et al. 2000; Wisner and Tan 2000). In reality, the writing is still extremely divided and albeit a few investigations imply to talk about flexibly chain issues, the greater part of the current research just inspects one connection of the chain, or in particular just spotlights on one fixing in the gracefully chain execution blend. Six significant developments can be seen in the advancement of flexibly chain the board considers. Creation, Integration, Globalization, Specialization Phases One and Two, and SCM 2.0 These stages are given in Table 1. In the flow serious situation flexibly chain the board accept a critical significance and calls for genuine research consideration, as organizations are tested with discovering approaches to meet ever-rising client desires at a sensible expense. To do as such, organizations must pursuit out which parts of their flexibly chain process are not serious, comprehend which client needs are not being met, build up progress objectives, and quickly execute important enhancements. Beforehand makers were the drivers of the flexibly chain dealing with the pace at which items were fabricated and disseminated. Today, clients are making major decisions, and producers are scrambling to satisfy client needs for alternatives/styles/highlights, speedy request satisfaction, and quick conveyance. Assembling quality a long-term serious differentiator is moving toward equality in all cases, so satisfying customer’s explicit needs for item conveyance has developed as the following basic open door for upper hand. Organizations that figure out how to improve the board of their gracefully chain will turn into the new examples of overcoming adversity in the worldwide commercial center. Study on Benchmarking shows noteworthy cost contrasts between associations that display top tier execution and Copyright  © 2010 HyperSciences_Publisher. All rights saved The six phase developmental time delineates that in a specific time which procedure was accentuated. For example in the 6th period data Technology was given need and IT empowered gracefully chain was the consuming issue. During the 1990s enterprises started to concentrate on â€Å"core competencies† and received a specialization model. Organizations surrendered vertical incorporation, auctions off non-center tasks, and re-appropriated those capacities to different organizations. Web 2. 0 is characterized as a pattern in the utilization of the World Wide Web that is intended to build imagination, data sharing, and cooperation among clients. The term flexibly chain the executives was first authored by an American industry expert in the mid 1980s. Anyway the idea of flexibly chain in the board, was vital well before in the mid twentieth century, particularly by the formation of the sequential construction system. This time of gracefully chain the executives contemplates was featured with the advancement of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) frameworks during the 1960s and created through the 1990s by the presentation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) frameworks. This time is described by the globalization of flexibly chain the board in associations with the objective of expanding upper hand, making more worth included, and lessening costs through worldwide sourcing Specialization inside the flexibly chain started during the 1980s with the beginning of transportation businesses, stockroom the executives, and non resource based bearers and has developed past transportation and coordinations into parts of gracefully arranging, joint effort, execution and execution the board. presents different meanings given by different analysts; at that point a writing arrangement conspire is clarified and an examination plan is recommended subsequent to distinguishing the holes among hypothesis and practice of SCM. SCM examine has incorporated various writing surveys and verifiable examinations distributed in the top insightful diaries in the fields of coordinations, logisticâ the board, buying and SCM (Croom et al. 2000; Carter and Ellram 2003; Rungtusanatham et al. 2003). SCM writing audits have likewise been done previously. Be that as it may, generally these surveys have been enlightening (offering fundamental frequencies for subjects secured and so on.) or standardizing. Given the expanding center around SCM in both scholastic and expert writing streams, an audit of the ideas, subjects, investigation techniques and levels of examination across thirteen scholarly diaries was embraced. This exploration researches the historical backdrop of the SCM writing taking a gander at the different patterns and advancements in the field

How to Get Stress Relief With Cognitive Therapy

How to Get Stress Relief With Cognitive Therapy Psychotherapy Print How Cognitive Therapy Works for Stress Relief By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on February 07, 2020 Tetra images/Getty Images More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy Negative thoughts can create more stress in our lives. Not only can negative affect, or being in a bad mood, color our experience so that many of the things we experience seem more stressful and even overwhelming, but our bad mood can be contagious, and can even cause others to treat us in a less friendly way, perpetuating negativity in us and virtually everyone we encounter, to a degree. It is easy to get trapped into the habit of thinking negatively, and changing those thought processes is a goal in cognitive therapy. Many people have found this to be a useful tool in their stress management strategy. Cognitive therapy has been found to be effective in the treatment of many issues such as anxiety disorders, depression, and even severe stress.?? Whether the stress is contributing to mood disorders or is just creating unpleasant feelings that are interfering with a happy lifestyle, cognitive therapy (or a mix of cognitive and behavioral therapy) can be a very effective mode of treatment. The Idea Behind Cognitive Therapy Cognitive therapy for stress rests on the premise that it’s not simply the events in our lives that cause us stress, it’s the way we think about them.?? For example, two people may be caught in traffic. One person could view this situation as an opportunity to listen to music or get lost in thought and become (or remain) relaxed. Another person may focus on the wasted time or the feeling of being trapped, and become distressed. There are hundreds of examples of how our thoughts and our negative self-talk color our experiences. These can lead to a triggered stress response or a calm demeanor. Virtually all of the thought patterns that negatively impact our experiences can be categorized into one of 10  common cognitive distortions.?? Therapists using a cognitive approach work with clients to recognize and alter these habitually negative thought patterns. You can also work on some of them at home. Cognitive Restructuring for Stress Relief Using Cognitive Therapy for Stress Relief Many people have found a cognitive approach to be wonderfully helpful and much quicker than most therapeutic approaches. There is no standard length or number of cognitive therapy sessions needed for the treatment of stress.?? It depends on what your needs are. After a few sessions, some people see improvement. Other people may need months of therapy before they feel better.   This is significantly  faster than the years-on-the-couch rate of psychoanalytic therapy, which is what many people still think of when they think of going to a shrink. Support for the effectiveness of this approach comes from research on optimistic and pessimistic explanatory styles.?? It is also revealed by the positive results that come from cognitive therapy for stress, or a mix of cognitive and behavioral therapy. Cognitive therapy has also been combined with the practice of mindfulness. This created  mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), which has shown promising effects as well.?? Giving It a Try When interviewing potential therapists, ask about their experience with this approach. You can also search out someone who specializes in cognitive therapeutic interventions. If you’re not interested in seeing a therapist at this point but would like to use some cognitive techniques to reduce your stress levels, you can begin at home. Discover how to  change your habitual thought patterns in the interest of stress relief. How Positive Thinking Impacts Stress

Questions To Ask Before Hiring A College Admissions Consultant

Questions To Ask Before Hiring A College Admissions Consultant by: Naomi Nishihara on October 25, 2016 | 0 Comments Comments 2,226 Views October 25, 2016It isn’t easy to know which consultants are worth paying for, and Mark Sklarow, CEO of the Independent Educational Consultants Association (IECA) thinks there may be more unqualified than qualified consultants out there. With very little regulation and no licensing required, private admissions consultants can pretty much set up shop with any level of experience.Here are some questions to ask before hiring a consultant:HOW MUCH EXPERIENCE DO YOU HAVE?What kind of training do they have, and how long have they been a consultant? Were they an admissions officer before becoming a consultant? Did they take any training courses? Where did they learn the trade, if they did at all?Also important – if you found a consultant through an admissions consulting company, you may have looked up the company’s reputation and t he CEO’s background, but what do you know about the consultant you’ll actually be working with?Jon Frank, who runs a company called Admissionado, says you should be sure to ask how the actual consultants are trained, and maybe even ask to see samples of essays they’ve edited before.WHAT IS THE PROCESS LIKE?With most consultants, you can work by the hour, or you can purchase some kind of package, which might include specific parts of the application process, like picking schools to apply to and working on the essay.JoAnne Goldberg, an admissions consultant through InGenius Prep – an admission consulting company – says it’s important to clarify how much time you’ll actually have with them.â€Å"Sometimes they’re very specific in what they provide, and they say they’ll go through your essays three times,† she says. â€Å"But maybe that essay needs to be reviewed 10 times. Sometimes it can take a couple of months to get it right.†Ultimately, she says to be careful concerning time limits. â€Å"You don’t want someone who says â€Å"Oh no, times up. Please pay us another $10,000,† she says.IS THIS COMPANY MAKING UNREALISTIC PROMISES?Another thing to look out for is false promises. Is the company or the consultant promising to get your student into Harvard? Don’t fall for it. Acceptance isn’t guaranteed. Even a company with a broader claim – maybe that 100% of its students get into their top choice school – is hard to believe. Frank from Admissionado says â€Å"If the company is making promises like that, it’s certainly a bad sign.†HOW MANY COLLEGE CAMPUSES HAVE YOU VISITED?It’s important to find out how many college campuses a consultant has visited, because in order to find the best fit for lots of different students, they have to be familiar with a lot of schools.So  parents should ask how many campuses they visit annually. Regular visits are important to keep up with the schools and maintain relationships with admissions staff.â€Å"Too often when I ask, the consultant will say, ‘Well, I meet with them when they come here,’† Sklarow says. â€Å"But that doesn’t tell you anything about the campus. You’ve got to be out there walking around to get a feel for the university.†HOW DO YOU STAY UP TO DATE?The application process can change year to year. For example, an entirely new application process came out this year – the Coalition Application. Make sure to ask how your consultant keeps him or herself current.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"They should be able to prove that they are not just isolated in their office, but that they are actually in some way connected to the industry, so they keep themselves up to date.† says Gael Casner, a private admissions consultant in California.DO YOU BELONG TO AN ORGANIZATION?While not every qualified consultant will join an organiza tion, looking for a consultant through one is an easy way to narrow down your search.Member organizations like the IECA, and several others, vet members and require them to follow certain ethical guidelines.For example, most ethics guidelines state that consultants should not write student’s essays for them, that they should make an effort to lower a client’s stress about college applications, and that they cannot accept money from schools in exchange for sending students to them. CAN YOU INSPIRE THE STUDENT?This is a question for both the consultant and the student. Is working together going to be productive? Even if the consultant has all the qualifications, Frank says, they need the student to open up and be honest with them.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"If he sees the mentor or consultant as a teacher, he might be dishonest,† Frank says. â€Å"A friend of mine who works at a different company had a situation once where the kid lied to his mentor about his TOFEL score, and did n’t get into the schools he wanted. It was a disaster.†Casner also says the dynamic between consultant and student is important, and that they should meet, and talk, before getting started officially. â€Å" I think it’s vital for your son or daughter to have a voice in who is selected,† she says. â€Å"Come for a full working session, not just for 20 minutes, because anyone can be charming for 20 minutes. Then go home and talk about it. Can you see yourself working with me?†DO I EVEN NEED A CONSULTANT?Perhaps most important, consider whether you even need a consultant. Sklarow says if you already know – perhaps because of tuition – that your child is going to stay in state, and that their test scores will easily get them into the state school, then they don’t need a consultant.â€Å"The consultants job is to help you find great matches, great places where you can thrive. So don’t hire a consultant because you’re thinking you really want them to go to one particular school,† he says. â€Å"What’s more likely  to happen is the consultant will find them 12 or 13 schools they could be happy at.†DONT MISS: SHOULD YOU HIRE A COLLEGE ADMISSIONS CONSULTANT?   Page 1 of 11

Literary Elements Essays - 1167 Words

Peter Scott Ms. Wiggins Honors English 10 1st Block O3/09/11 â€Å"Literary Elements of Wharton’s ‘Roman Fever’† Peter Scott Scott 1 03/09/11 Ms. Wiggins 1st Block â€Å"Literary Elements of Wharton’s ‘Roman Fever’† The short story, â€Å"Roman Fever† by Edith Wharton, reveals numerous popular literary elements. Some of the most prominent examples of literary elements are irony, symbolism, and foreshadowing. All three elements create the feel and atmosphere of the short story. They add illustration, mystery, and humor to the storyline. The irony in â€Å"Roman Fever† begins when the two daughters refer to their mothers as â€Å"young things†. This is verbal irony because their two mothers were described as aged and†¦show more content†¦This shows that she is different from your average middle-aged woman, and that she and Grace do not have many things in common about their personality (Petry 1).When Alida Slade and Grace Ansley are looking at their daughters having fun in the moonlight, and Grace says â€Å"And perhaps we didnt know much more about each other†, it shows that some drama is about to occur, and that she knew she had things that Alida did not know about her, and also that perhaps Alida felt the same way (Selina 1). â€Å"Roman Fever† demonstrates countless excellent cases of irony, symbolism, and foreshadowing. Different kinds of irony make â€Å"Roman Fever† entertaining during dialogue. Symbolism gives the story deeper meaning in small actions, for instance knitting, and setting details. Foreshadowing in the story baffles and intrigues. In conclusion, these are the three vital literary elements in Edith Wharton’s â€Å"Roman Fever†. They capture the reader from the playful beginning to the jaw dropping end. Works Cited Scott 4 Petry, Alice Hall. A TWIST OF CRIMSON SILK: EDITH WHARTONS ROMAN FEVER. Studies in Short Fiction 24.2 (1987): 163. MAS Ultra - School Edition. EBSCO. Web. 22 Feb. 2011. Explanation of: Roman Fever by Edith Wharton. LitFinder Contemporary Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2010.Show MoreRelatedLiterary Elements970 Words   |  4 Pagesshort amount of time. The authors indulge in rich  details to create the narrative into a jaw dropping meaning story from the beginning to the ending. The author begins with constructing  the story with the building blocks of literary devices. Short story authors apply the literary techniques of symbolism, irony and theme to create a meaningful connection with the reader.   Authors exploit symbolism into the works of literature to create strong connections between ideas, actions or persons that intertwineRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Literary Elements837 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis Collection 1 Literary elements create and structure a story. They can be characters, plot, foreshadowing , mood , conflict ,setting, theme , etcetera . Most of the time you see writers using a majority of these elements in a story. They can be similar or connected throughout different stories or even the same story. They can also differ. In the stories Contents of the Dead Man’s Pocket by Jack Finney, The Trip by Laila Lalami, and Ambush by Tim O’Brien the writers compare and contrastRead MoreThe Odyssey literary elements823 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Vanshika Mullick Mr.Finken Honors English I April 3, 2014 Irony creating elements of surprise Irony is often used by authors to create an element of surprise or humor and to increase and enhance their work. Homer, author of The Odyssey, is one of the many authors who use this literary technique well. In The Odyssey, Homer has presented irony to create an element of surprise to the character and to the audience. There a lot of instances throughout The Odyssey where Odysseus is present butRead MoreLiterary Elements Of Autobiography746 Words   |  3 Pagesskip around peoples lives and detail events that occurred. They can be used as a way to teach a lesson and tell a story. In my memoir I used literary elements to show what lesson I learned. In my memoir about being quarterback for a game I used in medias res, vivid verbs, sensory details, figurative language, and dialogue. I was able to apply these elements to make my memoir more action packed and interesting story. I created an engaging memoir by using specific writing strategies to convey how oneRead MoreLiterary Elements Of The Classroom847 Words   |  4 PagesI observed a fourth grade, English Language Arts lesson titled Literary Elements. The students were to review literary elements while whole group reading the class novel. Using their writing journals students wrote about characters, the setting, the conflict and the events. After the reading, students created questions for the anchor chart to be used at a later date. Developing the questions allowed the teacher to better check for understanding. The classroom learning environment provides a teacher-centeredRead MoreLiterary Elements Of Oblivion 1430 Words   |  6 PagesHanna Mathis Professor Schnell English Composition 1302 01 December 2015 Literary Elements in â€Å"Oblivion† When hearing† Oblivion† for the first time the audience’s first interpretation may be vastly different than what the upbeat and playful rhythm may lead the listener to believe. â€Å"Oblivion†, a song written and performed by Claire Boucher a.k.a. â€Å"Grimes†, is a song with electronic beats, synth-pop tones, and almost inaudible, child-like vocals. Yet, when reading the lyrics the audience can uncoverRead MoreLiterary Elements Of The Raven1216 Words   |  5 Pages The Modern Dark Raven Literary Elements and Modernization used in, â€Å"The Raven†, is one of the most well known pieces of poetry created by Edgar Allen Poe. It was considered to be a terrifying tale back in the day when it was written (1845) but now is not really considered to be scary. Although it does not scare people as it used to The Raven is one of Edgar Allen Poe’s best work of literature. It even has been incorporated in modern day tv shows as well as has its own movie adaptation. He is wellRead MoreLiterary Elements In Macbeth1998 Words   |  8 PagesGreat authors use literary elements to develop a message. William Shakespeare’s play, â€Å"Macbeth†, tells a tale about a man who desires to rule the country of Scotland as king. With three witches that tell him his future, Macbeth realizes that his life would be better off as king, but in order to seize the throne, he has to kill the current king. After motivation from his wife to kill the king, Macbeth’s life follows a series of events and actions that eventually lead to his death. Shakespeare usesRead MoreLiterary Elements In The Necklace And The Tiger1509 Words   |  7 Pages Authors have used literary elements to alter and enhance their readers’ experiences for centuries. Short stories are often full of these literary elements, giving the author the power to control and manipulate the emotions of everyone who reads their story. Whether it is through teaching an important lesson about materialism and irony or inspiring thought provoking questions, the use of literary elements can illuminate any story. The short stories The Necklace and The Lady, or The Tiger are twoRead MoreLiterary Elements Of The Victorian Era1238 Words   |  5 Pagestheme that was present during this time period; realism and even science fiction started to appear in this age (â€Å"Victorian Literature†). As people started to use these themes in their writings, common literary elements started to change. Treasure Island and The War of the Worlds have common literary elements, such as: exciting and nerve-racking plots, various forms of symbolism, and unique writing styles by both Wells and Stevenson. When aliens crash land in England, there was not much panic. However

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Impacted Slavery

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was a very early federal law passed by Congress in the era of the Articles of Confederation. Its main purpose was to create a legal structure for the settlement of land in five present day states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. In addition, a major provision of the law prohibited slavery north of the Ohio River. Key Takeaways: Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Ratified by Congress July 13, 1787.Prohibited slavery in territories north of the Ohio River. It was the first federal law to address the issue.Created a three-step process for new territories to become states, which established important precedents for the incorporation of new states through the 19th and 20th centuries. Significance of the Northwest Ordinance The Northwest Ordinance, ratified by Congress on July 13, 1787, was the first law to create a structure by which new territories could follow a three-step legal path to become a state equal to the original 13 states, and was the first substantial action by Congress to deal with the issue of slavery. In addition, the law contained a version of a Bill of Rights, which set out individual rights in the new territories. The Bill of Rights, which was later added to the U.S. Constitution, contained some of those same rights. The Northwest Ordinance was written, debated, and passed in New York City during the same summer that the U.S. Constitution was being debated at a convention in Philadelphia. Decades later, Abraham Lincoln prominently cited the law in an important anti-slavery speech in February 1860, which made him a credible presidential contender. As Lincoln noted, the law was proof that some of the nations founders accepted that the federal government could play a role in regulating slavery. Necessity of the Northwest Ordinance When the United States emerged as an independent nation, it immediately faced a crisis about how to handle the large tracts of lands to the west of the 13 states. This area, known as the Old Northwest, came into American possession at the end of the Revolutionary War. Some states claimed ownership of western lands. Other states which asserted no such claim argued that the western land rightfully belonged to the federal government, and should be sold to private land developers. States gave up their western claims, and a law passed by Congress, the Land Ordinance of 1785, established an orderly system of surveying and selling western lands. That system created orderly grids of townships designed to avoid the chaotic land grabs which had occurred in the territory of Kentucky. (That system of surveying is still evident today; airplane passengers can clearly see the orderly fields laid out in Midwestern states such as Indiana or Illinois.) The problem with western lands was not entirely solved, however. Squatters who refused to wait for an orderly settlement began to enter western lands, and were chased off at times by federal troops. Wealthy land speculators, who wielded influence with Congress, sought a stronger law. Other factors, especially anti-slavery sentiment in the northern states, also came into play. Key Players As Congress struggled to deal with the problem of land settlement, it was approached by Manasseh Cutler, a scholarly resident of Connecticut who had become a partner in a land company, the Ohio Company of Associates. Cutler suggested some of the provisions which became part of the Northwest Ordinance, in particular the prohibition of slavery north of the Ohio River. The official author of the Northwest Ordinance is generally considered to be Rufus King, a member of Congress from Massachusetts as well as a member of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787. An influential member of Congress from Virginia, Richard Henry Lee, agreed with the Northwest Ordinance because he felt it protected property rights (meaning it didnt interfere with slavery in the South). Path to Statehood In practice, the Northwest Ordinance created a three-step process for a territory to become a state of the Union. The first step was that the president would appoint a governor, a secretary, and three judges to administer the territory. In the second step, when the territory reached a population of 5,000 free white adult males, it could elect a legislature. In the third step, when the territory reached a population of 60,000 free white residents, it could write a state constitution and, with congressional approval, it could become a state. The provisions in the Northwest Ordinance created important precedents by which other territories would become states in the 19th and 20th centuries. Lincoln's Invocation of the Northwest Ordinance In February 1860, Abraham Lincoln, who was not widely known in the East, traveled to New York City and spoke at Cooper Union. In his speech he argued that the federal government had a role to play in regulating slavery, and had, indeed, always played such a role. Lincoln noted that of the 39 men who gathered to vote on the Constitution in the summer of 1787, four also served in Congress. Of those four, three voted in favor of the Northwest Ordinance, which, of course, contained the section prohibiting slavery north of the Ohio River. He further noted that in 1789, during the first Congress to assemble following the ratification of the Constitution, a law was passed to enforce the provisions of the ordinance, including the prohibition of slavery in the territory. That law passed through Congress without objection, and was signed into law by President George Washington. Lincolns reliance on the Northwest Ordinance was significant. At the time, there were fierce debates over slavery splitting the nation. And pro-slavery politicians often claimed that the federal government should have no role in regulating slavery. Yet Lincoln had deftly demonstrated that some of the same people who had written the Constitution, including even the nations first president, clearly saw a role for the federal government in regulating slavery. Sources: Northwest Ordinance. Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History, edited by Thomas Carson and Mary Bonk, Gale, 1999. Research in Context.Congress, U.S. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787. The Constitution and Supreme Court, Primary Source Media, 1999. American Journey. Research in Context.LEVY, LEONARD W. Northwest Ordinance (1787). Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, edited by Leonard W. Levy and Kenneth L. Karst, 2nd ed., vol. 4, Macmillan Reference USA, 2000, p. 1829. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Building Partnerships in Professional and Military...

On Sep 11, 2001, al Qaeda threatened the United States (U.S.) national security, and we are still combating terrorism. Since that time, al Qaeda and other extremist groups have also been endangering some of the U.S. allies. Realizing the magnitude of this international fight, the U.S. needs help from its partners to counter violence worldwide. National Strategic Guidance The National Security Strategy (NSS), the National Defense Strategy (NDS), and the National Military Strategy (NMS) directives define the U.S. objectives. In the NSS, the Executive Branch underscored that departments provide assistance and obtain cooperation with the U.S foreign allies. Accordingly, the Secretary of Defense NDS directed the Department of†¦show more content†¦For instance, AF members helped convert an abandoned building into a functional hospital that the Afghan army personnel operate. Consequently, the Afghan police and their families can receive medical support. In addition, the SecAF and the CSAF, praised AF personnel for organizing â€Å"the new Afghan National Army Air Corps and the Iraqi AF†. These two examples illustrate only a minute portion of endeavors credited to Airmen efforts supporting allies internationally. Conversely, if the AF and the National Guard develop a partnership program in academic environments would it also fulfill the requirement? Purpose of the Research The intent of this research paper is to examine the question by presenting a plan for integrating components of a NG Program into an AF PME school. Air University Air Command and Staff College (ACSC), a resident program, located at Maxwell AF Base in Montgomery, Alabama will represent the AF PME School. The NG program will be the State Partnership Program (SPP). Since ANG personnel attend ACSC, and not Army NG forces, the study will only focus on the former personnel. Why ACSC and National Guard SPP? ACSC student body encompass ANG members and International Officers (IO’s) participating in the NG SPP. On 25 June 2009 Brigadier General Jimmie Jackson, Jr., then ACSC Commandant, testified to Congress that since 1946 approximately 2,500 IO’s from 92 nations graduated from the college. Many of the IO’s laterShow MoreRelatedCase Study of Terrorism Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pagesshould build partnership programs in professional military education (PME) schools to achieve goals that would not be accomplished through the normal State Partnership Program (SPP). Building Partnerships is a new AF core function that involves shaping countries perceptions about the U.S. by sharing information and working together to attain national security objectives. The intent of this research paper is to examine the feasibility of building partnerships in AF PME schools, using aspectsRead MoreThe Defense Cooperation Of The United States1709 Words   |  7 Pages Advise, and Equip foreign armed forces, or the terms Building Partner Capacity (BPC) and Security Force Assistance (SFA) rather than Security Assistance (SA). According to the Presidential Policy Directive (PPD-23), those defense cooperation programs are being part of the Security Sector Assistance (SSA). In the beginning, cooperation relied mostly on the professional military education (PME) as part of the International Military Education and Training (IMET) program through which numerous CroatianRead MoreWestern International University Is A Small, For Profit College Essay1013 Words   |  5 PagesSchool Profile: Western International University Western International University is a small, for-profit college. Only around 3,000 students enroll every year in this private school. Western International University was only recently founded in Phoenix, Arizona in the late 1970s. This college offers over 160 specialized associate’s, bachelor’s and master s degrees. Western International University maintains a continuous curriculum system that allows incoming students to choose from 16 basic majorsRead MorePlease Also List Any Significant Or Meaningful Military1226 Words   |  5 PagesPlease also list any significant or meaningful military history from your family not already included in your application. My paternal grandfather was in the United States Army and deployed overseas during WWII. After several months into his deployment, he was shot in the neck and evacuated out of France and given an honorable discharge. My maternal grandfather was in the Italian Army and was captured by American soldiers during WWII. He became a prisoner of war and agreed to help the AmericanRead MoreReducing The Suicide Rate Of Healthy People 2020 : A Government Site That Identifies Health Concerns Based On Statistics1110 Words   |  5 Pagesfocuses on removing the stigma associated with mental health and mental health disorders while simultaneously building supportive communities with increased access to care, creating a standardized model promoting the collaboration of health care professionals in order to increase identification and data collection of high-risk patients and provide continuity of care, and ensuring the education and the adequacy of patient support systems. Society tends to portray mental health issues as shameful privateRead MoreFurnifold Mclendel Simmons Case Study Answers1726 Words   |  7 Pagesto move away from agriculture and onto textiles, furniture, and cigarette factories that led the state to become the most industrialized state in the South (Christensen 38). Also, on the agenda was improvement of public schooling, extensive road building programs, and the rise of the University of North Carolina. Simmons was elected into congress in 1886, after losing two prior races before to African American candidates and later, Simmons later went on to become the architect of white supremacyRead MoreFunctional Health Patterns Community Assessment2781 Words   |  12 Pages(Parish and school) * Corpus Christi (Catholic church and school) * Colorado Christian School and Church * Temple Shalom (Jewish Synagogue and Community Center) * MADD * Al-Anon * AA * Penrose- St. Francis Health System offers health clinics, support group for cancer pt’s and family, breastfeeding and anti-natal education. Do the community members value health promotion measures? What is the evidence that they do or do not (e.g., involvement in education, fundraisingRead MoreA Report On Organizational Environment Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pagesensuring that services rendered are effective and efficient for mitigating vulnerabilities. †¢ Representing the agency: Develop creative and innovative ideas that add significant value to our services. †¢ Teamwork and cooperation: Build effective partnerships across organizational boundaries that develop collaborative working relationships with our stakeholders. †¢ Technical Proficiency: Provide our stakeholders with expert technical guidance in improving facility security posture through countermeasureRead MoreChallenges Facing The International Community Essay1784 Words   |  8 Pagesstate fragility, poverty reduction is not achievable and that state fragility will have a major impact on global poverty. In the following analysis, I will try to explore the challenges the international community, led by the US, face in its state-building efforts in Afghanistan. Standing at the border between central and south asia, Afghanistan has a chequered and violent recent history. Acting as a buffer zone between British and Russian colonialism in the 18th and 19th century (Marsden 2009, p 72)Read MoreThe Us Army s Doctrine2295 Words   |  10 PagesOfficer’s Course (CGSOC) (the basics of Army planning methodology), the School of Advanced Military Studies (SAMS) (advanced planning and operational art), and the Advanced Strategic Leadership Studies Program (ASLSP), a War College level year of strategic leadership scholarship. Per ADRP 5-0, the operations process involves: planning, preparing, executing, and continuously assessing an operation. To do this effectively, military commanders must understand, visualize, describe, direct, lead, and continually

Pride And Prejudice By Jane Austen - 1158 Words

In 1813, for young women, marrying wealthy men held great importance in their lives. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, a book set during this time period, revolves around the Bennet family as the daughters build relationships with their possible partners. The mother in the book, encourages her daughters to marry early in life to a man with fortunate riches. In the novel the role of first impressions have a grand impact on the plot because they alter the relationships between multiple characters, inaccurately explains Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth, and accurately displays Jane and Mr. Bingley. The initial impressions among the characters alter each of their romantic interactions and connections. For instance, before Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy became acquaintances, they relied on the flawed perception of each other’s personality to determine their incompatibility, which delayed their relationship. Elizabeth first discusses her disapproval of Darcy with her neighbors in chapter five, bu t after a letter from Mr. Darcy in chapter 35, she realizes that Mr. Darcy has redeemable qualities that most people have not yet come to realized. Though Darcy gradually learns to enjoy Elizabeth’s charisma and presentation, in chapter three he explains to Mr. Bingley that he has no attraction towards her. On the contrary, the first impressions between Jane and Mr. Bingley encouraged them to get to know each other further and eventually fall in love. In chapter three, Mr. Bingley requestsShow MoreRelatedPride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe 18th century novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggle with family and love. Pride and Prejudice was originally published in 1813, but, the most common version of the story, and the one used for this research, is from the version published in 1892, still by only Jane Austen, though many other authors have contributed to this book over time. Aust en often references the class system at the time, often noting one of the multiple heroine’s struggleRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1467 Words   |  6 Pages Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is a classic novel that has remained relevant even years after its release. Its themes and symbols are understandable to even the most modern of reader. One of the many themes is sisterhood, something that is focused on constantly throughout the novel. Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist of the novel, finds many of her decisions to be based upon the actions of her sisters. Making sisterhood a main driving force. Whether they are confiding in each other for marriageRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen872 Words   |  4 PagesIn my personal cherished novel, Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, the worlds of two immensely divergent people display the marxist idea of the importance of social status and its affect on the people. The two main characters seem to be on opposi te ends of the earth in terms of an affluent Mr. Darcy being so privileged while on the contrary, Miss Elizabeth Bennet is of a lower class. Throughout the novel, there is a fine distinction between their clashing opinions and actions that are highly influencedRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1285 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice Analysis I.Introduction Jane Austen wrote her novels during the time period known as the Regency. The Enlightenment and the Age of Reason, a time where ideas like democracy, secularism, and the rise of developing sciences were making their way across Europe had come to an end.It was replaced with the wave of horror that was the French Revolution, a once minor revolt that escalated into a violent war, concluding with the rise of Napoleon, which whom England fought against the majorityRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pageshe 18th century novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggle with family and love. Pride and Prejudice was originally published in 1813, but, the most common version of the story, and the one used for this research, is from the version published in 1892, still by only Jane Austen, though many other authors have contributed to this book over time. Austen often references the class system at the ti me, often noting one of the multiple heroine’s struggleRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen914 Words   |  4 Pages Bell 1 Natalie Bell Pedersen English 4 honors 29 February 2016 Pride and Prejudice Essay Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice, focuses on the social conflicts of England during the 1800s. Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy fall in love, and face social criticism. Mr. Darcy struggles with the ideology of societal expectations while falling in love with Elizabeth Bennet. After persistent self-reflection, Mr. Darcy overcomes the stereotype of whom he should marry, and marries ElizabethRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1570 Words   |  7 PagesThe comical novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen depicts the love life of women in the early 1800’s. Austen shows the hardships young women in that time period had to go threw to find their place in this world. Women were thought of as objects to the men, they were supposed to be stay at home mothers, or simple just a accessory to their partner. Women were the subordinates in life, as they still are today. Austen tells the story of how Mrs. Bennet (a mother of 5) works tirelessly to get her daughtersRead More Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen 1104 Words   |  5 Pagesrate of over 50% from 1970-2010. However, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, marriage was often one of the few choices for a woman’s occupation. Reading Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen from the twenty-first century perspective might make some matters that are stressed in the book seem dated or trivial. As Pride and Prejudice was set sometime during the Napoleonic Wars, it is only fitting that finding a proper marriage is on the minds of many of the women in the book. Marriage and marryingRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1732 Words   |  7 PagesIn Pride and Prejudice, the first marriage presented is that of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet. Being the parents of five daughters, the Bennet s marriage set the example for their children yet their relationship did not constitute true love, but more of mutual tolerance. Mrs. Bennet, an obnoxious women with an erratic temper, symbolizes society’s obsession with material wealth and social standing. As Jane Austen states when describing Mrs. Bennet, â€Å"The business of her Vanek 7 life was to get her daughtersRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1384 Words   |  6 PagesNicole Voyatzis Professor W. Acres HISTORY 1401E May 26, 2015 Discussion Paper - Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice written in 1813 by Jane Austen tells the story of The Bennet’s and their five unmarried daughters. The family live as part of the lower gentry in early 19th century England. With that being said, Mrs. Bennet’s primary focus in life is to ensure that all her daughters are married, preferably to wealthy men. The book begins with Mrs. Bennet seeing an opportunity for her daughters

Fool Chapter 3 Free Essays

THREE OUR DARKER PURPOSE[15] â€Å"Well this is a downy lot of goose toss if I’ve ever read it,† said I. I sat on the bastard’s back, cross-legged, reading the letter he’d written to his father. â€Å"‘And my lord must understand how unjust it is that I, the issue of true passion, is shorn of respect and position while deference is given my half brother, who is the product of a bed made of duty and drudgery. We will write a custom essay sample on Fool Chapter 3 or any similar topic only for you Order Now '† â€Å"It’s true,† said the bastard. â€Å"Am I not as true of shape, as sharp of mind, a – â€Å" â€Å"You’re a whiny little wanker,[16] is what you are,† said I, my brashness perhaps spurred by the weight of Drool, who was sitting on the bastard’s legs. â€Å"What did you think you would possibly gain by giving this letter to your father?† â€Å"That he might relent and give me half my brother’s title and inheritance.† â€Å"Because your mother was a better boff than Edgar’s? You’re a bastard and an idiot.† â€Å"You could not know, little man.† It was tempting then, to clout the knave across the head with Jones, or better, slit his throat with his own sword, but as much as the king might favor me, he favors the order of his power more. The murder of Gloucester’s son, no matter how deserved, would not go unpunished. But I was fast on my way to fool’s funeral anyway if I let the bastard up before his anger cooled. I’d sent Shanker Mary away in hope that any wrath that fell might pass her by. I needed a threat to stay Edmund’s hand, but I had none. I am the least powerful of all about the court. My only influence is raising others’ ire. â€Å"I do know what it is to be deprived by the accident of birth, Edmund.† â€Å"We are not the same. You are as common as field dirt. I am not.† â€Å"I could not know then, Edmund, what it is to have my title cast as an insult? If I call you bastard, and you call me fool, can we answer as men?† â€Å"No riddles, fool. I can’t feel my feet.† â€Å"Why would you want to feel your feet? Is that more of the debauchery of the ruling class I hear so much about? So blessed are you with access to the flesh’s pleasures that you have to devise ingenious perversions to get your withered, inbred plumbing to come to attention – need to feel your feet and whip the stable boy with a dead rabbit to scratch your scurvy, libidinous itch, is it?† â€Å"What are you on about, fool? I can’t feel my feet because there’s a great oaf sitting on my legs.† â€Å"Oh. Quite right, sorry. Drool, lift off a bit, but don’t let him up.† I climbed from the bastard’s back and walked to the laundry doorway where he could see me. â€Å"What you want is property and title. Do you imagine that you will get it by begging?† â€Å"The letter’s not begging.† â€Å"You want your brother’s fortune. How much better would a letter from him convince your father of your worth?† â€Å"He would never write such a letter, and besides, he does not play for favor, it is his already.† â€Å"Then perhaps the problem is moving favor from Edgar to you. The right letter from him would do it. A letter wherein he confesses his impatience with waiting for his inheritance, and asks for your help in usurping your father.† â€Å"You’re mad, fool. Edgar would never write such a letter.† â€Å"I didn’t say he would. Do you have anything written in his hand?† â€Å"I do, a letter of credit he was to grant to a wool merchant in Barking Upminster.† â€Å"Do you, sweet bastard, know what a scriptorium is?† â€Å"Aye, it’s a place in the monastery where they copy documents – bibles and such.† â€Å"And so my accident of birth is the remedy of yours, for because I hadn’t even one parent to lay claim to me, I was brought up in a nunnery that had just such a scriptorium, where, yes, they taught a boy to copy documents, but for our darker purpose, they taught him to copy it in exactly the hand that he found on the page, and the one before that, and the one before that. Letter to letter, stroke for stroke, the same hand as a man long gone to the grave.† â€Å"So you are a skilled forger? If you were raised in a nunnery how is it you are a fool and not a monk or a priest?† â€Å"How is it that you, the son of an earl, must plead mercy from under the arse of an enormous nitwit? We’re all Fate’s bastards. Shall we compose a letter, Edmund?† I’m sure I would have become a monk, but for the anchoress. The closest to court I would have come would have been praying for the forgiveness of some noble’s war crimes. Was I not reared for the monastic life from the moment Mother Basil found me squirming on the steps of the abbey at Dog Snogging[17] on the Ouze? I never knew my parents, but Mother Basil told me once that she thought my mother might have been a madwoman from the local village who had drowned in the river Ouze shortly after I appeared on the doorstep. If that were so, the abbess told me, then my mother had been touched by God (like the Natural) and so I was given to the abbey as God’s special child. The nuns, most of whom were of noble birth, second and third daughters who could not find a noble husband, doted on me like a new puppy. So tiny was I that the abbess would carry me with her in her apron pocket, and thus I was given the name of Pocket. Little Pocket of Dog Snogging Abbey. I was much the novelty, the only male in that all-female world, and the nuns competed to see who might carry me in their apron pocket, although I do not remember it. Later, after I learned to walk, they would stand me on the table at mealtime and have me parade up and down waving my winky at them, a unique appendage in those feminine environs. I was seven before I realized that you could eat breakfast with your pants on. Still, I always felt separate from the rest of them, a different creature, isolated. I was allowed to sleep on the floor in the abbess’s chambers, as she had a woven rug given her by the bishop. On cold nights I was permitted to sleep under her covers to keep her feet warm, unless one of the other nuns had joined her for that purpose. Mother Basil and I were constant companions, even after I grew out of her marsupial affection. I attended the masses and prayers with her every day from as long as I could remember. How I loved watching her shave every morning after sunup, stropping her razor on a leather strap and carefully scraping the blue-black whiskers from her face. She would show me how to shave the little spot under your nose, and how she pulled aside the skin on her neck, so as not to nick her Adam’s apple. But she was a stern mistress, and I had to pray every three hours like all the other nuns, as well as carry water for her bath, chop wood, scrub floors, work in the garden, as well as take lessons in maths, catechism, Latin and Greek, and calligraphy. By the time I was nine I could read and write three languages and recite The Lives of the Saints from memory. I lived to serve God and the nuns of Dog Snogging, hoping that one day I might be ordained as a priest myself. And I might have, but then one day workmen came to the abbey, stonecutters and masons, and in a matter of days they had built a cell off of one of the abandoned passages in the rectory. We were going to have our very own anchorite, or in our case, anchoress. An acolyte so devoted to God that she would be walled up in a cell with only a small opening through which she would be passed food and water, and there she would spend the rest of her life, literally part of the church, praying and dispensing wisdom to the people of the village through her window until she was taken into the bosom of the Lord. Next to being martyred, it was the most holy act of devotion a person could perform. Daily I crept out of Mother Basil’s quarters to check on the progress of the cell, hoping to somehow bask in the glory that would be bestowed upon the anchoress. But as the walls rose, I saw there was no window left to the outside, no place for the villagers to receive blessings, as was the custom. â€Å"Our anchoress will be very special,† Mother Basil explained in her steady baritone voice. â€Å"So devout is she that she will only lay eyes on those who bring her food. She will not be distracted from her prayers for the king’s salvation.† â€Å"She is the charge of the king?† â€Å"No other,† said Mother Basil. The rest of us were bound by payment to pray for the forgiveness of the Earl of Sussex, who had slaughtered thousands of innocents in the last war with the Belgians and was bound to toast on the coals of Hell unless we could fulfill his penance, which had been pronounced by the Pope himself to be seven million Hail Marys per peasant. (Even with a dispensation and a half-price coupon purchased at Lourdes, the earl was getting no more than a thousand Hail Marys to the penny, so Dog Snogging was becoming a very rich monastery on his sins.) But our anchoress would answer for the sins of the king himself. He was said to have perpetrated some jolly-good wickedness, so her prayers must be very potent indeed. â€Å"Please, Mother, please let me take food to the anchoress.† â€Å"No one is to see or speak to her.† â€Å"But someone has to take her food. Let me do it. I promise not to look.† â€Å"I shall consult the Lord.† I never saw the anchoress arrive. The rumor simply passed that she was in the abbey and the workmen had set the stones around her. Week’s went by with me begging the abbess to allow me the holy duty of feeding the anchoress, but it was not until one evening when Mother Basil needed to spend the night alone with young sister Mandy, praying in private for the forgiveness of what the abbess called a â€Å"Smashing Horny Weekender,† that I was allowed to attend to the anchoress. â€Å"In fact,† said the Reverend Mother, â€Å"you stay there, outside her cell until morning, and see if you can learn some piety. Don’t come back until morning. Late morning. And bring tea and a couple of scones with you when you come back. And some jam.† I thought I would burst, I was so excited when I first made my way down that long, dark hallway – carrying a plate of cheese and bread, and a flagon of ale. I half expected to see the glory of God shining through the window, but when I got there, it wasn’t a window at all, but an arrow loop, like in a castle wall, cut in the shape of a cross, the edges tapered so that the broad stone came to a point at the opening. It was as if the masons only knew one window they could put in a thick wall. (Funny that arrow loops and sword hilts, mechanisms of death, form the sign of the cross – a symbol of mercy – but on second thought, I guess it was a mechanism of death in itself.) The opening was barely wide enough to pass the flagon through; the plate would just fit through at the cross. I waited. No light came from inside the cell. A single candle on the wall across from the opening was the only illumination. I was terrified. I listened, to see if I could hear the anchoress reciting novenas. There wasn’t even the sound of breathing. Was she sleeping? What kind of sin was it to interrupt the prayers of someone so holy? I put the plate and ale on the floor and tried to peer into the darkness of the cell, perhaps see her glow. Then I saw it. The dim sparkle of the candle reflecting in an eye. She was sitting there, not two feet from the opening. I jumped back against the far wall, knocking over the ale on the way. â€Å"Did I frighten you?† came a woman’s voice. â€Å"No. No, I was just, I am – forgive me. I am awed by your piety.† Then she laughed. It was sad laughter, as if it had been held a long time and then let out in almost a sob, but she was laughing and I was confused. â€Å"I’m sorry, mistress – â€Å" â€Å"No, no, no, don’t be sorry. Don’t you dare be sorry, boy.† â€Å"I’m not. I won’t be.† â€Å"What is your name?† â€Å"Pocket, mum.† â€Å"Pocket,† she repeated, and she laughed some more. â€Å"You’ve spilled my ale, Pocket.† â€Å"Aye, mum. Shall I fetch you some more?† â€Å"If you don’t want the glory of my bloody godliness burning us both down, you better had, hadn’t you, friend Pocket? And when you come back, I want you to tell me a story that will make me laugh.† â€Å"Yes, mum,† And that was the day that my world changed. â€Å"Remind me, why is it we’re not just murdering my brother?† asked Edmund. From whimpering scribblings to conspiracy to murder in the course of an hour, Edmund was a quick study when it came to villainy. I sat, quill in hand, at the table in my small apartment above the great gatehouse in the outer wall of the castle. I have my own fireplace, a table, two stools, a bed, a cupboard for my things, a hook for my coxcomb and clothes, and in the middle of my room a large cauldron for heating and pouring boiling oil upon a siege force through gutters in the floor. But for the clanking of the massive chains when the drawbridge is raised or lowered, it is a cozy den in which to pursue slumber or other horizontal sport. Best of all, it is private, with a thumping big bolt on the door. Even among the nobles, privacy is rare, as conspiracy thrives there. â€Å"While that is an attractive course, unless Edgar is disgraced, disinherited, and his properties willfully given to you, the lands and title could pass to some legitimate cousin, or worse, your father might set about trying to sire a new legitimate heir.† I shuddered a bit then – along with, I’m sure, a dozen maidens about the kingdom – at the mental vision of Gloucester’s withered flanks, bared and about the business of making an heir upon their nubile nobility. They would be clawing at the nunnery door to escape the honor. â€Å"I hadn’t thought of that,† said Edmund. â€Å"Really, you, not think? How shocking. Although a simple poisoning does seem cleaner, the letter is the sharper sword.† If I gave the scoundrel proper rope, perhaps he could hang for both our purposes. â€Å"I can craft such a letter, subtle, yet condemning. You’ll be the Earl of Gloucester before you can get dirt shoveled on your father’s still twitching body. But the letter may not do all.† â€Å"Speak your mind, fool. As much as I’d love to silence your yammering, speak.† â€Å"The king favors your father and your brother, which is why they were called here. If Edgar becomes betrothed to Cordelia, which could happen before the morrow – well, with the princess’s dowry in hand, there’ll be no cause for him to resort to the treachery we are about to craft around him. You’ll be left with your fangs showing, noble Edmund, and the legitimate son will be all the richer.† â€Å"I’ll see he is not betrothed to Cordelia.† â€Å"How? Will you tell him horrid things? I have it on good authority that her feet are like ferryboats. They strap them up under her gown to keep them from flapping when she walks.† â€Å"I will see to it that there is no marriage, little man, don’t you worry. But you must see to this letter. Tomorrow Edgar goes on to Barking to deliver the letters of credit and I’ll return to Gloucester with my father. I’ll let the letter slip to him then, so his anger has time to fester in Edgar’s absence.† â€Å"Quick, before I waste parchment, promise you’ll not let Edgar marry Cordelia.† â€Å"Fine, fool, promise you’ll not tell anyone that you ever penned this letter, and I will.† â€Å"I promise,† said I. â€Å"By the balls of Venus.† â€Å"Then, so do I,† said the bastard. â€Å"All right, then,† said I, dipping my quill in ink, â€Å"although murder would be a simpler plan.† I’ve never cared for the bastard’s brother Edgar, either. Earnest and open-faced is he. I don’t trust anyone who appears so trustworthy. They must be up to something. Of course, Edmund hanging black-tongued for his brother’s murder would make for a festive chandelier as well. A fool does enjoy a party. In a half-hour I had crafted a letter so wily and peppered with treachery that any father might strangle his son at the sight of it and, if childless, bastinade his own bollocks with a war hammer to discourage conspirators yet to be born. It was a masterpiece of both forgery and manipulation. I blotted it well and held it up for Edmund to see. â€Å"I’ll need your dagger, sir,† said I. Edmund reached for the letter and I danced away from him. â€Å"First the knife, good bastard.† Edmund laughed. â€Å"Take my dagger, fool. You’re no safer, I still have my sword.† â€Å"Aye, which I handed you myself. I need your dagger to razor the seal off that letter of credit so I may affix it to this missive of ours. You’ll need to break it only in your father’s presence, as if you yourself are only then discovering your brother’s black nature.† â€Å"Oh,† said Edmund. He gave me the knife. I performed the deed with sealing wax and candle and handed the blade back with the letter. (Could I have used one of my own knives for the task? Of course, but it was not time for Edmund to know of them.) The letter was barely in his pocket before Edmund had drawn his sword and had it leveled at my throat. â€Å"I think I can assure your silence better than a promise.† I didn’t move. â€Å"So, you lament being born out of favor, what favor will you court by killing the king’s fool? A dozen guards saw you come in here.† â€Å"I’ll take my chances.† Just then the great chains that ran through my room began to shake, rattling as if a hundred suffering prisoners were shackled to them rather than a slab of oak and iron. Edmund looked around and I scampered to the far side of the room. Wind rushed through the arrow loops that served as my windows and extinguished the candle I had used for the sealing wax. The bastard spun to face the arrow loops and the room went dark, as if a cape had been thrown over the day. The golden form of a woman shimmered in the air at the dark wall. The ghost said, â€Å"A thousand years of torture rule, The knave who dares to harm a fool.† I could only see Edmund by the glow of the spirit, but he was moving crablike toward the door that led out onto the west wall, reaching frantically for the latch. Then he threw the bolt and was through the door in an instant. Light filled my little apartment and I could again view the Thames through the slits in the stone. â€Å"Well rhymed, wisp,† said I to the empty air. â€Å"Well rhymed.† How to cite Fool Chapter 3, Essay examples

Applied Business Research free essay sample

Supermarket discounts: do they offer genuine benefits or are they â€Å"buying traps† Name: HU LIXIANG Student Number: 200908448 MSc Major: Consumer Marketing 1. Project Title Supermarket discounts: do they offer genuine benefits or are they â€Å"buying traps† 1. 1. Introduction Generally speaking, people believe a discount in the supermarket is something that will help to save their money and which is a profits sharing activity of supermarket company. However, less people ever think about the real value for them when a discount product purchased. Therefore, Tesco, a well-known neighbour will be a good case for this study. Since 1919, when Jack Cohen began to sell surplus groceries in East London, a supermarket which later would become known as Tesco has gradually become one of the main companies where United Kingdom consumers like to buy their groceries. Today, the company’s advertising slogan â€Å"every little helps† is embedded in most British peoples minds. Today, roughly three thousand Tesco stores provide services in the United Kingdom and Tesco products are on sale everywhere. Behind the rapid development of Tesco is UK consumers’ notable purchasing capacity, which has greatly increased over the last half century, and also their preference to make use of Tesco as the main provider of their groceries. Consumer behaviour is affected by both internal and external factors. Specifically, internal factors include consumer demand itself (â€Å"What do people want? ), while external factors include product quality, advertising methods and marketing structures. From a psychological point of view, while consumers’ interests would often be best served by â€Å"shopping around† (selecting the best price for similar products from among many different outlets), the fact of being in a typically encourages consumers to make their decision to buy within a short period of time. More and more sales promotions (discounts and the like) can have a significant psychological impact on customers’ purchasing decisions. Most existing research has paid attention to the question of whether discount activities will bring a company more benefits, while a smaller amount of research has questioned whether consumers purchasing discount items obtain real value. However, there has been little research to explore changes in consumers’ psychological activities when they buy merchandise at a discount in supermarket, or looking at the question of whether they really need discount products or if the temptation of the promotional advertising alone has prompted the decision to buy. This research proposal starts with a literature review aim to set up the hypotheses that customers will be influenced by the sales promotion which leads to purchase products they do not actually need. The methodology and data collecting methods are followed by analysis and ethical issue. At the end of research proposal, implications for someone may concern will be provide. 1. 2. Aims This research aims to thoroughly explore the supermarket sales promotions provided by Tesco, and then measure their impacts on consumer psychology as the company pursues its ultimate goal of growing sales. An additional aim is to investigate the method that TESCO carries out to influence customers’ psychology via variety sales promotions and ultimately to change customers’ initial decisions, in the mean while, provide a reasonable recommendation for people who willing to purchase discount goods in supermarket. Furthermore, the final contribution will abound knowledge about sales promotion activities and find some more practical effects. 1. 3. Objectives The research will address the following questions: . 3. 1. Do supermarkets offer a variety of promotions normally, and if so, how many major methods do they adopt? 1. 3. 2. Do customers prefer items for promotion to products at a regular price? 1. 3. 3. What do customers think about this kind of marketing strategy, is it a profit sharing by supermarket or just a kind of advertising? 1. 3. 4. Are customers influenced by sales promotion activity, and if so ,will they change their initial options? 1. 3. 5. What do customers feel when they choose items for discount but not their original choices, satisfied or not satisfied? In addition, the research will seek to identify that consumers made purchase decision due to the psychological change or based on their sane thinking and to provide rational suggestions to consumers when they are choosing items for sales, and to provide a means to identify the real value of many kinds of discount. 2. Literature 2. 1 Review of the relevant literature There is a large amount of literature about the pricing strategy or consumers’ behaviour for different sales promotion but there is surprisingly little research about the contributing factors that prompt customers’ buying behaviour. However by analysing consumers’ reaction to sales promotions, we can determine whether customers make their purchasing decisions based on internal or external factors. The internal factors would be customers’ initial needs, while external factors would include the influence of promotion advertising. The retail industry increasingly used sales promotions (Felgate et al. 2012). Previous research (e. g. Webster 1971; Kotler 1988; Blattberg amp; Neslin 1990) sees sales promotion as a method that directly or indirectly influences customers’ purchasing behaviour – via limited purchase time or a price drop, or some other way to enhance the prospect of sales. The use of such sales strategies in supermarkets has dramatically increased in the UK in the past ten years, with nearly one third of all supermarket branches supplying items as part of a â€Å"sale† (Nielsen Wire 2009). Gilbert and Jackaria point out (2002) that there are four major promotional methods frequently used in British supermarkets: coupons, direct price discount (price drop), samples and so called â€Å"buy one get one free† (BOGOF). Based on data analysis of 160 respondents, indeed, there is a relationship between these four commonly used sales promotion types and customers’ buying behaviour – with direct price discount proving to be the most efficient method of influencing consumer behaviour. It is obvious that sales methods are highly relevant to consumers’ purchasing activities. Many researchers have investigated how consumers’ responses relate to a variety of promotion methods which also provides reliable evidence to show that external reasons have provoked customers to change their initial idea. Five main responses (namely brand switching, purchase acceleration, stockpiling, product trial and higher spending) have been subjected to a correlation analysis with sales methods through 206 supermarket customers in Hong Kong, which has a similar marketing environment to the UK. Direct discounts and BOGOF were considered to be the tools that most significantly influenced customers to change their original choices, leading to purchasing acceleration, stockpiling or spending more (Prendergast, et al. , 2005). Not only do these traditional methods work, but also some newer concepts like gift promotion can help sales to increase. Gifts can be help to change their attitudes and purchase objectives, and to keep and boost purchasing behaviour by existing customers (Bodur and Grohmann, 2005). Another research related to gift promotion conducted by Montaner (2011) has also proved that gift promotional sales will effectively accelerate sales by upgrade consumers’ purchase willingness. Another study suggests that even children also will bring sales promotion into their simple buying decisions, even though sales promotions may not always give them the best value for their budget (Boland et al. , 2012). Consumers purchasing decisions have a positive correlation to sales promotion, as discussed above. However, a small amount of research has focussed on the psychological evolution of customers when they are faced with two items with the same function – one at a regular price and the other at a discount. Chen et al (2012) predict that if customers ignore the basic value of products but are swayed by the percentages of sales promotion, they tend to prefer multi-buy items for sale than price discount, based only on their simple mathematical calculations. For example, an item may have a direct discount for one third of its original price, while the multi-buy sales promotion can bring customer a fifty percent discount. Most people will prefer the 50% discount to the 33% discount, without being concerned about the amount they have purchased, or the basic value of the products. Chen et al. proved this prediction with experiments, showing that it was hard for customers to combine price and quantity when they are surrounded by many kinds of promotion advertising. For further consideration, sometimes direct discount is not actually all that direct: people may not choose a T-shirt sale for ? 20 but will prefer to buy the same T-shirt which has a ? reduction, if they are told that the original price was ? All consumers like a bargain, and therefore some sales promotions like to match people’s willingness to buy at a supposed discount (Saini et al. , 2010). Sales promotion methods may help consumers save money. Some main methods include discount, coupons or BOGOF, and are usually intended to encourage customers to purchase some new products that possess high quality or advanced functions. These promotional methods are normally considered to be a profit sharing by retailer or manufacturer. Of course, there is another way to look at such sales promotions techniques, and discounts can be seen as a trap for those people who want to purchase great value products from promotions. Wallace (1996) points out that the most generally sales promotion method is by offering a limited-time discount, which does not permit consumers enough time to think deeply about the necessity of this specific item nor gives them the chance to compare the price with other supermarkets. Hence it is easy for a customer to switch his favourite brand to an unfamiliar brand, without realising that the discounted price does not offer genuine value for money. Pricing strategies are part of marketing strategy, which has been carried out in many companies. New products – which are not worth their high prices – are often offered at a great discount to attract customers’ attention in a short period. However the main reason for this phenomenon is because customers normally focus on the prices but not the actual value (Hogan and Lucke, 2006). Discount pricing traps still remain popular, along with other kinds of sales promotion methods. 2. 2 Summary The literature review above shows that there exists a connection between customers and sales promotion, and also promotion methods indeed boost the company income. The existence of external factors influences customers’ mental behaviour. Purchase by sales promotion may not offer the value it claims to: this research will collect data on the attitudes of customers who have bought products for sales and will analyse whether these customers gain real benefits from purchasing items via sales promotion. 3. METHODOLOGY 3. 1. Hypotheses The study assumes that consumers who purchase discount goods have been influenced by the impact of promotional advertising, and so are provoked into making irrational decisions. 3. 2. Research design and sampling This methodology will be applied for the research to obtain data and deduce the answers to questions that have been put forward previously. It will help to propose research about the customers’ real benefits when they select products at a discount, when influenced by promotional advertising. This research will be use both qualitative and quantitative methods by means of secondary data, surveys and interviews. The purpose of this research is to examine if customers can obtain real value from discounted products. Thus it is necessary to select samples as customers who have responses for sales promotion in supermarket and the secondary data will contribute to testing correlation between outcome of data analysis collect by questionnaire and existing theory. Further interviews with people who have bought items through sales promotion will help to analyse the psychological evolution of customers. In this way, it will draw a conclusion about reasons for people to purchase discounted products and to define the real benefits of items at discount price. In another words, the main purpose of this research is to acquire an insight into the real needs of customers and provide rational recommendations for people who prefer discounted products. As explained above, the research will adopt a descriptive approach. Sekaran and Bougie (2010) explain that a descriptive study is carried out when there already exists a specific hypothesis and a prior plan can be abided by. The objective will test the hypothesis and acquire a clear understanding of this topic. 3. 3. Data collection procedures To achieve the aim of the research, primary data and secondary data will be collected and analysed. The secondary data will be able to help format relevant background information which will help both researchers and readers. This will help researchers to bring the plan to completion and readers to profoundly understand the results of this investigation. Choosing an appropriate sample is necessary for researchers to achieve accurate outcomes, and it is a portion of composition, which is treated as the delegate of entire population (Black and Champion, 1976). Graph 1: As shown in the graph 1, the first phase, a longitudinal designs questionnaire will be used to collect primary information. The amount of sample between thirty and five hundred is proper for the majority of research (Saiful, 2012). Based on these limitations, the number of sample will be constituted of 168 questionnaires for customers picked up randomly in each branch. Questionnaire work will be carried out in four Tesco branches of different sizes: Tesco Express, Tesco Metro, Tesco Superstore and Tesco Extra. This is in order to ensure that the investigation data is varied. Each branch located in the area does not face fixed customer groups in case samples are not universal. The questionnaire section is scheduled to last seven days from Sunday to Saturday to ensure that all types of customers are included in research and this phase will conduct on three periods as morning, midday and also evening. Researchers will gather the primary data via two methods. At the beginning, questionnaire surveys will be carried out with customers shopping in branches of Tesco supermarket in Liverpool. The duration of each survey and artificial costs are within an acceptable extent. The questionnaire is consists of four different aspects to gather sufficient data for analysis. To achieve the objectives proposed before, first part is design to collect respondents’ personal information such as gender, age, occupation, income level and so on. The second part of questionnaire is about diverse sales promotion methods provided by Tesco and it is aim to find consumers’ awareness of this sales strategy. The third part is relevant to respondents’ purchase behaviour which purpose is to collect different choice made by customers after influenced by sales advertising. And the last part is designed around by customers’ psychology evolution, this section is used to analyse people’s attitude of purchase a product for sales. To some extent, last part can surmise the factors which driving consumers purchase discount merchandise. Followed by the first step, interviews will undertake by email to customers who fill in questionnaires and also purchase products for sale in specific branch at that time. To make sure receive enough reply, there is a need to confirm in advance that respondents are willing to accept an interview via email after use of discount merchandise. Combining the analysis of questionnaire and interview, the researcher will draw a conclusion and supply answers to the main objectives previously outlined. 3. 4. Data analysis The data collected in the first stage will process through univariate analysis. Elements in the questionnaire are all independent variable while four different sample supermarkets been selected are eager for enhance the universality of data. After collecting stage, data will be entered into SPSS and an Excel spreadsheet. Categorical data used to calculate frequencies and percentages which could describe tendency of customers. Result of quantitative analysis will provide an explanation of what sales promotion methods did Tesco supermarket adopt and in what ratio of customers will prefer a product at discount. NVivo software will be used to analyse qualitative data collected from interview phase of this research. It means that individual feedback can be assorted meticulously to make sure that diversity respondents have been interviewed. Even analyse quantitative data does not make sense of research completion as it does only provide an objective view of the hypothesis, questionnaire refinement and further investigate on mental changing of customers’ will fulfil the demands of the research. 3. 5. Expected Results Analysis of the qualitative and quantitative data collected from questionnaire survey and email interview, suggests that changes of customers’ behaviour related to promotional methods, and customers normally are not able to get real benefits or value products from these methods. To some extent the results are evidence to speculate mostly that sales promotion methods do not amount to great value. 3. 6. Ethics Members in research team may need to address a variety of ethical issues such as answers of questionnaires will be involved personal privacy issues of respondents. However, it is believed that respondents participate in the long time periods will comprehend the true significance of this study and also will benefit from the achievement of this research. The outcome of this research will not generate negative impacts by targeting Tesco in this research. The products relevant to this research are only being treated as study cases which will not be influenced by the conclusion of hypothesis. 3. Planning and other 4. 1 Treatment of the Data The researcher will hold a daily diary to involve the original questionnaire papers contained the questionnaire, further explanation of specific paper and some new findings for daily work. And data will be recorded in computer to avoid unintentional damage. 4. 2 Risks analyses 4. 2. 1: data lost: keep by particular person in research team and make sure to backup periodical 4. 2. 2: Lack of co-operation with supermarket staff: guarantee the outcome of research is not used for Commercial use of competitors, seek for understanding of branches before conduct questionnaire survey.